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Zbiorowość Zamorska

Zbiorowość zamorska

Termin zbiorowość zamorska (collectivités d'outre-mer lub COM) został wprowadzony poprawką do konstytucji 28 marca 2003, by określić niektóre terytoria Francji, które wcześniej nosiły nazwę terytoriów zamorskich (territoire d'outre mer) lub zbiorowości terytorialnych o szczególnym statusie (collectivités territoriales à statut particulier). Poprawka ta wprowadzała także drugi rodzaj zbiorowości terytorialnych, zastępujących niektóre departamenty zamorskie. Te nowe zbiorowości miały posiadać jednoizbowe zgromadzenia doradcze, zastępujące istniejące rady departamentalne i regionalne. Obecnie nie ma jednak żadnej takiej zbiorowości, gdyż departamenty zamorskie Gwadelupy i Martyniki, które miały otrzymać ten status odrzuciły tę propozycję w referendum z 7 grudnia 2003, Obecnie istnieją cztery zbiorowości zamorskie:
- Polinezja Francuska - zbiorowość o dużej autonomii, posiada własnego prezydenta oraz jako jedynej przyznano jej nazwę kraj zamorski (pays d'outre-mer),
- Majotta - określana także jako zbiorowość departamentalna (collectivité départementale),
- Saint-Pierre i Miquelon - również o statucie zbliżonym do departamentu,
- Wallis i Futuna - o szczególnym statucie, jedyna część terytorium Francji nie podzielona na gminy,. Kategoria:Podział administracyjny Francji

28 marca

- imieniny: Aniela, Antoni, Gedeon, Jan, Joanna, Krzysław, Malkolm i Sykstus
- Libia - Uroczystość Opuszczenia Kraju przez Brytyjczyków
- RPA - Dzień Rodziny

- 1472 - Fra Bartolomeo, włoski malarz (zm. 1517)
- 1515 - Teresa z Avila, święta, hiszpańska zakonnica i mistyczka (zm. 1582)
- 1592 - Jan Ámos Komenský, czeski pedagog (zm. 1670)
- 1652 - Samuel Sewall, amerykański pamiętnikarz (zm. 1730)
- 1750 - Francisco de Miranda, wenezuelski przywódca ruchu niepodległościowego (zm. 1816)
- 1817 - Francesco De Sanctis, włoski historyk literatury i krytyk (zm. 1883)
- 1840 - Mehmed Emin Pasza, niemiecki podróżnik (zm. 1892)
- 1862 - Aristide Briand, francuski polityk socjalistyczny, premier Francji, laureat Pokojowej Nagrody Nobla (zm. 1932)
- 1868 - Maksym Gorki, rosyjski pisarz (zm. 1936)
- 1884 - Angelos Sikelianós, grecki poeta (zm. 1951)
- 1892 - Stanisław Dąbek, polski pułkownik, dowódca Lądowej Obrony Wybrzeża podczas kampanii wrześniowej (zm. 1939)
- 1892 - Corneille Heymans, belgijski fizjolog (zm. 1968)
- 1903 - Rudolf Serkin, amerykański pianista rosyjskiego pochodzenia (zm. 1991)
- 1909 - Nelson Algren, amerykański pisarz (zm. 1981)
- 1914 - Bohumil Hrabal, czeski pisarz (zm. 1997)
- 1914 - Jan Mulak, polski trener lekkoatletyczny (zm. 2005)
- 1921 - Dirk Bogarde, angielski aktor (zm. 1999)
- 1925 - Innokientij Smoktunowski, rosyjski aktor (zm. 1994)
- 1928 - Zbigniew Brzeziński, amerykański politolog polskiego pochodzenia
- 1930 - Jerome Friedman, amerykański fizyk, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki
- 1936 - Mario Vargas Llosa, peruwiański pisarz
- 1942 - Neil Kinnock, brytyjski polityk

- 193 - Pertinaks, cesarz rzymski (ur. 126)
- 1241 - Waldemar II Zwycięski, król Danii (ur. 1170)
- 1903 - Émile Baudot, francuski wynalazca, konstruktor bodotu (ur. 1845)
- 1917 - Albert Ryder, amerykański malarz (ur. 1847)
- 1918 - Bronisław Chlebowski, polski historyk literatury (ur. 1846)
- 1921 - Agenor Gołuchowski, austriacki polityk i dyplomata polskiego pochodzenia, minister spraw zagranicznych Austro-Węgier (ur. 1849)
- 1941 - Virginia Woolf, angielska pisarka (ur. 1882)
- 1942 - Miguel Hernández, hiszpański poeta (ur. 1910)
- 1943 - Siergiej Rachmaninow, rosyjski kompozytor, pianista i dyrygent (ur. 1873)
- 1944 - Stephen Leacock, kanadyjski pisarz (ur. 1869)
- 1947 - Karol Świerczewski, polski działacz komunistyczny, generał armii polskiej, hiszpańskiej i radzieckiej (ur. 1897)
- 1969 - Dwight D. Eisenhower, amerykański generał, 34. prezydent USA (ur. 1890)
- 1982 - William Francis Giauque, amerykański fizykochemik, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie chemii (ur. 1895)
- 1985 - Marc Chagall, francuski malarz (ur. 1887)
- 1994 - Eugène Ionesco, francuski dramaturg rumuńskiego pochodzenia (ur. 1912)
- 2000 - Adam Ulam, amerykański politolog polskiego pochodzenia (ur. 1922)
- 2004 - Robert Merle, francuski pisarz (ur. 1908)
- 2004 - Włodzimierz Reczek, polski działacz sportowy (ur. 1911)
- 2004 - Peter Ustinov, brytyjski aktor (ur. 1921)

- 1842 - Otwarto Teatr Skarbkowski we Lwowie
- 1920 - Wojna polsko-bolszewicka: w odpowiedzi na polską propozycję rozpoczęcia rokowań pokojowych w Borysowie Moskwa zażądała innego miejsca i całkowitego wstrzymania ognia.
- 1933 - Rozwiązano Obóz Wielkiej Polski.

- 845 - Paryż został złupiony przez wikingów.
- 1930 - Konstantynopol i Angora zmieniły nazwę na Stambuł i Ankara.
- 1939 - Hiszpańska wojna domowa: wojska generała Francisco Franco zajęły Madryt.
- 1942 - II wojna światowa: miał pierwszy pierwszy nalot dywanowy - brytyjskie lotnictwo zbombardowało Lubekę.
- 1979 - W amerykańskiej elektrowni atomowej Three Mile Island doszło do awarii reaktora.
- 2005 - Potężne trzęsienie ziemi nawiedziło indonezyjską wyspę Sumatra. marca 28 ko:3월 28일 ja:3月28日 simple:March 28 th:28 มีนาคม

2003

- 2003 zh-min-nan:2003 nî als:2003 ko:2003년 ms:2003 ja:2003年 simple:2003 th:พ.ศ. 2546

Francja

Francja, Republika Francuska (France, République Française) – państwo położone w Europie Zachodniej, członek założyciel Unii Europejskiej. Graniczy z Hiszpanią, Andorą, Monako, Włochami, Szwajcarią, Niemcami, Luksemburgiem i Belgią.

Ustrój polityczny

Zobacz więcej: Ustrój polityczny Francji
- Prezydenci Francji

Podział administracyjny

Zobacz więcej: Podział administracyjny Francji Francja, jej część metropolitalna dzieli się na 22 regiony i 96 departamentów. Ponadto wyróżnia się departamenty i terytoria zamorskie oraz zamorskie zbiorowości terytorialne. Poniżej przedstawione są jednostki najwyższego szczebla podziału administracyjnego. Więcej informacji na temat jednostek podziału administracyjnego wraz z danymi statystycznymi znajduje się w artykule: Regiony administracyjne i departamenty Francji.

Regiony administracyjne

- Alzacja
- Akwitania
- Burgundia
- Bretania
- Centralny
- Dolna Normandia
- Franche-Comté
- Górna Normandia
- Île-de-France
- Korsyka
- Kraj Loary
- Langwedocja-Roussillon
- Limousin
- Lotaryngia
- Midi-Pyrénées
- Nord-Pas-de-Calais
- Owernia
- Pikardia
- Poitou-Charentes
- Prowansja-Alpy-Wybrzeże Lazurowe
- Rodan-Alpy
- Szampania-Ardeny Obecny podział na departamenty jest kontynuacją podziału administracyjnego sprzed rewolucji francuskiej - do 1790 obecne departamenty nazywane były prowincjami. Po II wojnie światowej okazało się, że jednostki te są zbyt słabe. Dlatego w latach 70. XX wieku stworzono dodatkowy szczebel administracji tzw. regions des programmes, składające się z kilku departamentów. Ich zadaniem jest koordynacja polityki regionalnej. Francja ma rozbudowany system administracji swoich terytoriów zamorskich (DOM-TOM).

Departamenty zamorskie

- Gujana Francuska
- Gwadelupa
- Martynika
- Reunion

Zbiorowości zamorskie

- Majotta
- Polinezja Francuska
- Wallis i Futuna
- Nowa Kaledonia

Pozostałe

- Francuskie Terytoria Południowe
- Saint-Pierre i Miquelon

Geografia

Saint-Pierre i Miquelon
- Całkowita granica lądowa: 2 892,4 km
- w tym z:
- Andorą - 60 km,
- Belgią - 620 km,
- Hiszpanią - 623 km,
- Luksemburgiem - 73 km,
- Monako - 4,4 km,
- Niemcami - 451 km,
- Szwajcarią - 573 km,
- Włochami - 488 km,
- Długość wybrzeża: 3 427 km
- Zobacz: Wybrzeże Lazurowe (Riwiera Francuska), Côte d'Améthyste, Côte d'Argent, Côte de Jade, Côte d'Amour, Côte Sauvage, Côte d'Emeraude, Côte d'Albâtre.
- Najwyższy punkt: Mont Blanc 4 808 m n.p.m.
- Najniższy punkt: delta Rodanu 2 m p.p.m.
- Większe miasta: Paryż, Marsylia, Lyon, Tuluza, Bordeaux, Strasburg, Lille, Nicea
- Język urzędowy: francuski,
- Inne języki w użyciu: bretoński, prowansalski, baskijski, korsykański, flamandzki

Historia

Zobacz więcej: Historia Francji Zobacz też: Francuskie imperium kolonialne

Gospodarka

Zobacz więcej: Gospodarka Francji

Demografia

Zobacz więcej: Demografia Francji Demografia Francji] Demografia Francji]

Język

Językiem urzędowym we Francji jest francuski, posługuje się nim znaczna większość mieszkańców tego kraju, jednak poza nim istnieje wiele języków regionalnych:
- prowansalski - językiem tym (obecnie uważanym za dialekt francuskiego) posługuje się około 2 mln ludzi w południowej Francji ( Prowansja, Delfinat, Langwedocja)
- bretoński - mówi nim zaledwie 1/3 z 1,5 milionowej populacji Bretończyków zamieszkujących płw. Bretoński w zachodniej Francji
- alzacki - dialekt języka niemieckiego, posługują się nim germańscy Alzatczycy zamieszkujący Alzację we wschodniej Francji
- baskijski - mówi nim kilkadziesiąt tysięcy Basków zamieszkujących prowincję Bearn
- kataloński - posługuje się nim kilkadziesiąt tysięcy Katalończyków zamieszkujących prowincję Roussillion w południowej Francji, przy granicy z Hiszpanią
- arabski - posługuje się nim około 3 mln imigrantów z Afryki Północnej, gł. w większych miastach oraz na lazurowym wybrzeżu
- flamandzki - mówi nim kilkadziesiąt tysięcy ludzi pochodzenia niderlandzkiego, zamieszkujących północną Francję (obszar Calais i Artois)

Kultura

Zobacz więcej: Kultura Francji
- Literatura francuska
- Malarstwo francuskie
- Muzyka francuska
- Kino francuskie
- Aktorki francuskie
- Francuska kuchnia

Zobacz też:

- Georges Haussmann
- Gwizjusze
- władcy Francji
- francuskie kolonie w Ameryce Północnej
- zamki nad Loarą

Piłka Nożna

Inne :

! Kategoria:NATO Kategoria:Państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej als:Frankreich zh-min-nan:Hoat-kok ko:프랑스 ms:Perancis ja:フランス simple:France th:ประเทศฝรั่งเศส fiu-vro:Prantsusmaa

Terytorium zamorskie

Terytorium zamorskie (fr. territoire d'outre mer, TOM) - nazwa francuskiego terytorium zależnego o pewnej autonomii wewnętrznej, wprowadzona w 1946. 28 marca 2003 termin ten wyszedł z użycia, zastąpiony przez termin zbiorowość zamorska. Terytoriami zamorskimi były w tym okresie trzy terytoria w Oceanii: Nowa Kaledonia, Polinezja Francuska i Wallis i Futuna, oraz jedno w południowej części Oceanu Indyjskiego. Ich łączna powierzchnia wynosiła 30,7 tys. km², a zamieszkiwało je ok. 492 tys. mieszk. (2003).

Zobacz też:

- Podział administracyjny Francji
- DOM-TOM: departament zamorski, zbiorowość zamorska. Kategoria:Podział administracyjny Francji

Departament zamorski

Departament zamorski (fr. département d'outre mer, DOM) - nazwa francuskiego terytorium zależnego na prawach departamentu, wprowadzona w 1946 roku. Działają one na tych samych zasadach, co departamenty Francji metropolitalnej. Każdy z nich tworzy jednocześnie region administracyjny, składający się z jednego departamentu. Obecnie są to 4 departamenty o łącznej powierzchni blisko 89 tys. km² i ludności 1.784 tys. mieszk. (2003).

Zobacz też:

- podział administracyjny Francji
- regiony administracyjne i departamenty Francji
- DOM-TOM: terytorium zamorskie, zbiorowość zamorska Kategoria:Podział administracyjny Francji ko:해외 레지옹

Martynika

Martynika - departament zamorski Francji, obejmujący karaibską wyspę Martynika, położoną w archipelagu Wysp Zawietrznych w Małych Antylach, między dwoma niezależnymi państwami Dominiką na północy i Saint Lucią na południu.

Geografia

Martynika to górzysta wyspa pochodzenia wulkanicznego. Posiada ona kilka wulkanów, z których najbardziej znany, a zarazem najwyższy, to Montagne Pelée (1397 m n.p.m.). Podczas erupcji 8 maja 1902 gorąca chmura wulkaniczna zniszczyła całkowicie nadmorskie miasto Saint-Pierre. Zginęło wówczas 30 tysięcy osób. Ostatni wybuch tego wulkanu miał miejsce w 1929. Na wyspie panuje klimat podzwrotnikowy gorący ze średnimi temperaturami 24-28°C. Średnie roczne sumy opadów wynoszą od 1250 mm na wybrzeżu po 5000 mm we wnętrzu wyspy. Na żyznych gleba wulkanicznych rosną bujne lasy równikowe. Ale występują tu również sprowadzone z Europy gatunki drzew. Na wybrzeżach spotyka się roślinność namorzynową.

Historia

Wyspa został odkryta przez Krzysztofa Kolumba w 1502 podczas jego czwartej podróży do Ameryki. Pierwsi francuscy osadnicy pojawili się w 1635. Od tego czasu wyspy pozostaje nieomal nieprzerwanie w rękach Francuzów. Francuscy plantatorzy sprowadzali na wyspę niewolników do pracy przy trzcinie cukrowej. Dopiero w 1848 uzyskali oni wolność. Od tej pory tworzą oni swoistą kreolską kulturę wyspy. W 1946 Martynika uzyskała status departamentu zamorskiego Francji. Na wyspie działają jednak ruchy, które żądają uzyskania niepodległości dla wyspy.

Ustrój polityczny

Martynika ma jednocześnie status departament i regionu administracji Francji, co oznacza, że ma swoich bezpośrednich przedstawicieli we francuskim Zgromadzeniu Narodowym wybieranych bezpośrednio w wyborach. Na czele wyspy stoi prefekt, który zarządza radą generalną. W 2003 pojawił się projekt połączenia administracji regionalnej i departamentalnej, ale został on odrzucony podczas referendum. Departament Martyniki dzieli się na 34 gminy (fr. commune).

Społeczeństwo

Martynika gęsto zaludnioną wyspą - na 1 km² przypada 245 mieszkańców. Jest zróżnicowana pod względem etnicznym: mieszkają tu Murzyni, Mulaci, Hindusi, Chińczycy, Kreole i Europejczycy. Większość ludności wyznaje katolicyzm. Językiem urzędowym kraju jest język francuski, ale mieszkańcy wysp posługują się językiem kreolskim.

Gospodarka

Gospodarka wyspy opiera się na dwóch sektorach: rolnictwie i turystyce. Uprawy mają głównie charakter plantacji, produkujących głównie na potrzeby eksportu trzcinę cukrową, banany i kwiaty egzotyczne. Ponadto na potrzeby miejscowej ludności uprawia się bataty i maniok. Pewne znaczenie ma hodowla zwierząt. Za to słabo rozwinięte jest leśnictwo i rybołówstwo. Martynikański przemysł ogranicza się głównie do przemysłu cukrowniczego, któremu obok produkcji cukru towarzyszy destylacja rumu. Wyspę najczęściej odwiedzają oczywiście turyści z Francji, a także ze Stanów Zjednoczonych. Z tymi dwoma krajami Martynika ma regularne połączenia lotnicze z portu w Lamentin, koło Fort-de-France. Głównym partnerem handlowym Martyniki jest Francja.

Linki zewnętrzne

- [http://www.martinique.pref.gouv.fr/ Prefektura Martyniki]
- [http://www.swulinski.com/podroze/Martinique.html Fotografia podróżnicza - Martynika] - zdjęcia i informacje Kategoria:Wyspy Morza Karaibskiego Kategoria:Departamenty zamorskie Francji zh-min-nan:Martinique ko:마르티니크 ja:マルティニーク

7 grudnia

- imieniny: Agaton, Ambroży, Marcin, Ninomysł i Siemirad.
- Armenia - Dzień Pamięci Trzęsienia Ziemi
- ONZ - Międzynarodowy Dzień Lotnictwa Cywilnego

- 521 - Kolumba z Iony, święty, iryjski misjonarz (zm. 597)
- 1598 - Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, włoski rzeźbiarz i architekt (zm. 1680)
- 1823 - Leopold Kronecker, matematyk niemiecki (zm. 1891)
- 1863 - Pietro Mascagni, kompozytor włoski (zm. 1945)
- 1913 - Per Anger, dyplomata szwedzki (zm. 2002)
- 1924 - Mário Soares, polityk portugalski
- 1928 - Noam Chomsky, amerykański językoznawca
- 1938 - Andrzej Czuma, polski prawnik i historyk
- 1941 - Janusz Bukowski, polski aktor i reżyser (zm. 2005)
- 1949 - Tom Waits, muzyk amerykański
- 1956 - Larry Bird, koszykarz amerykański
- 1972 - Hermann Maier, narciarz austriacki
- 2003 - księżniczka Catharina-Amalia, najstarsza córka holenderskiego następcy tronu - Willema-Alexandra

- 43 p.n.e. - Cyceron, rzymski polityk, mówca i filozof (ur. 106 p.n.e.)
- 983 - Otton II, cesarz rzymsko-niemiecki (ur. 955)
- 1254 - Innocenty IV, papież (ur. ok. 1180/90)
- 1279 - Bolesław V Wstydliwy, książę krakowski i sandomierski (ur. 1226)
- 1562 - Adrian Willaert, flamandzki kompozytor
- 1655 - Krzysztof Opaliński, polski pisarz i polityk (ur. 1609)
- 1815 - Michel Ney, francuski marszałek (ur. 1769)
- 1894 - Ferdinand de Lesseps, francuski dyplomata i przedsiębiorca (ur. 1805)
- 1906 - Élie Ducommun, szwajcarski działacz polityczny (ur. 1833)
- 1985 - Robert Graves, pisarz angielski (ur. 1895)
- 1990 - Horst Bieniek, niemiecki poeta, prozaik i reżyser (ur. 1930)
- 1998 - Zdzisław Broncel, polski pisarz i publicysta (ur. 1910)
- 1993 - Wolfgang Paul, fizyk niemiecki (ur. 1913)

- 1550 - Odbyła się koronacja Barbary Radziwiłłówny, żony polskiego króla Zygmunta Augusta.
- 1925 - Liga Narodów przyznała Polsce prawo do utrzymania straży wojskowej na Westerplatte.
- 1954 - Rozwiązano Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego.
- 1970 - Między rządami RFN a PRL podpisano układ o normalizacji wzajemnych stosunków i uznaniu zachodniej granicy Polski.
- 1989 - Sejm ogłosił amnestię.

- 1732 - Otwarto Royal Opera House w Covent Garden w Londynie.
- 1912 - Ludwig Borchardt odnalazł w Egipcie popiersie królowej Nefertiti, żony faraona Echnatona.
- 1917 - I wojna światowa: USA wypowiedziały wojnę Austro-Węgrom.
- 1917 - Feliks Dzierżyński został szefem Cze-Ka.
- 1941 - niespodziewany atak Japończyków na amerykańską bazę wojskową Pearl Harbor na Hawajach
- 1972 - start Apollo 17, ostatniego w amerykańskim programie lotów na Księżyc o tej samej nazwie.
- 1975 - Indonezja zaatakowała Timor Wschodni.
- 1988 - Trzęsienie ziemi w Armenii pochłonęło około 25 tysięcy śmiertelnych ofiar. grudzień 07 ko:12월 7일 ja:12月7日 simple:December 7

2003

- 2003 zh-min-nan:2003 nî als:2003 ko:2003년 ms:2003 ja:2003年 simple:2003 th:พ.ศ. 2546

Majotta

Majotta (fr. Mayotte) – francuska wyspa (Terytorium zamorskie Francji) położona w archipelagu Komory na Oceanie Indyjskim na północny-zachód od Madagaskaru. Powierzchnia wyspy wynosi 374 km². Liczy 160 265 tysięcy mieszkańców. Język urzędowy - francuski. Ponadto w użyciu jest dialekt języka suahili - mahorian. Stolica - Mamoutzou. Religia - 97 % muzułmanie. Klimat zwrotnikowy morski. Wraz z całym archipelagiem została zajęta przez Francuzów w 1843. Jako jedyna wyspa Komorów, w referendum przeprowadzonym w 1974 opowiedziała się za pozostaniem w związku z Francją. Kategoria:Zbiorowości zamorskie Francji Kategoria:Wyspy Oceanu Indyjskiego zh-min-nan:Mayotte ko:마요트 ja:マヨット

Wallis i Futuna

Wallis i Futuna (Terytorium Zamorskie Wallis i Futuna, Wallis et Futuna) – francuskie terytorium zamorskie w Oceanii, obejmująca grupę wysp Wallis oraz wyspy Futuna i Alofi. Powierzchnia wysp wynosi 274 km², a zamieszkuje je 14,7 tys. osób (1999). Stolicą terytorium jest Mata Utu, 1 tys. mieszk. (1997). Mieszkańcy wysp zajmują się głównie uprawą palm kokosowych - eksport kopry. Władza lokalna, podległa Francji, opiera się na trzech polinezyjskich królestwach: Uvéa (na wyspie Wallis) oraz Tua i Alo (na Futunie). Kategoria:Zbiorowości zamorskie Francji zh-min-nan:Wallis kap Futuna ja:ウォリス・フツナ

Kategoria:Podział administracyjny Francji

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Fox News

The Fox News Channel is a United States cable and satellite news channel. It is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, and is a subsidiary of News Corporation, under major shareholder and chief executive officer Rupert Murdoch. As of January 2005, it is available to 85 million subscribers in the U.S. and to further viewers internationally, broadcasting primarily out of its New York City studios. Launched on October 7 1996 to 17 million cable subscribers, the nascent network quickly rose to prominence in the late 1990s as it started taking market share away from competitor CNN. As of 2005, it regularly beats CNN in Nielsen ratings for the US market.

History

Rupert Murdoch established Fox News to counter a news media that he claimed was dominated by liberals. Murdoch had significant experience with cable news after starting the Sky News rolling news service in the United Kingdom. In February 1996, after Roger Ailes (who would later be the president of Fox News) was relieved of duties at America's Talking, in preparation for conversion of the network to MSNBC, Murdoch called Ailes to start the network. A group of Ailes loyalists who followed him throughout the NBC empire joined him at Fox. From there, they proceeded to select space in New York and worked individuals through five months of grueling 14 hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before launch. At launch, only ten million households were able to watch Fox News, and most notably Fox News was not on the cable systems of the key media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. Fox News had to invite media writers to its launch to write reviews about the coverage. Media writers generally found the news programming of Fox at launch to be down the middle, if somewhat shallow. The rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20 minute single topic shows like Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics surrounded by news headlines. During the evening, Fox's opinion shows, The O'Reilly Factor (then called The O'Reilly Report), a show with Catherine Crier, and Hannity & Colmes, were judged by many media writers to be generally conservative, with O'Reilly being too harsh on some guests (such as Barry McCaffrey) and Catherine Crier being too soft on her first guest, Rush Limbaugh. To get cable systems to take Fox News, Ailes paid systems up to $11 per subscriber in subsidy to take up the network. This contrasted with past practice, in which cable operators pay stations carriage fees for their programming. Ailes also used his connections with New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani to get Fox News on the New York cable system, which was owned by Time Warner. When Time Warner bought out Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting, a federal antitrust consent decree required Time Warner to carry a second all-news channel in addition to Time Warner's own CNN. Time Warner selected MSNBC as the secondary news network, instead of Fox News. Fox News claimed that this violated an agreement to carry Fox News, and persuaded Mayor Giuliani to carry Fox News and Bloomberg Television on two underutilized city-owned cable channels, which he did. New York City also threatened to revoke Time Warner's cable franchise for not carrying Fox News. A lawsuit was filed by Time Warner against the City of New York claiming undue interference and for inappropriate use of the city's educational channels for commercial programming. News Corporation countered with an antitrust lawsuit against Time Warner for unfairly protecting CNN. This led to an acrominous battle between Murdoch and Turner, with Turner publicly comparing Murdoch to Adolf Hitler while Murdoch's New York Post ran an editorial questioning Turner's sanity. Giuliani's motives were also questioned, as his then-wife was a producer at Murdoch-owned WNYW-TV. In the end, Time Warner and News Corporation signed a settlement agreement to permit Fox News to be carried on New York City cable system beginning in October 1997, and to all of Time Warner's cable systems by 2001. In return, Time Warner was given some rights to News Corporation's satellites in Asia and Europe to distribute Time Warner programming, would receive the normal compensation per subscriber paid to cable operators, and News Corporation would not object to Atlanta Braves baseball games being carried on TBS (which they could be because of the Fox television network's contract with Major League Baseball.)

Management

The CEO, Chairman, and President of Fox News is Roger Ailes. After he began his career in broadcasting, Ailes started Ailes Communications, Inc and was successful as a political strategist for Presidents Nixon and Reagan and in producing campaign TV commercials for Republican political candidates. His work for former President Richard M. Nixon was chronicled in the book The Selling of the President: 1968 by Joe McGinniss. Ailes withdrew from consulting and returned to broadcasting in 1992. He ran the CNBC channel and America's Talking, the forerunner of MSNBC for NBC. More recently, Ailes was named Broadcaster of the Year by Broadcast and Cable Magazine in 2003.

Programming

Broadcast and Cable Magazine Fox News presents a wide variety of programming, with up to 15 hours of live programming per day. Most of the programs are broadcast from Fox News headquarters in New York City with its street-side studios on Sixth Avenue (1211 Avenue of the Americas) in the west extension of Rockefeller Center. The following is the usual weekday lineup (as of Jan. 2005, all times Eastern):
- 6 a.m.: Morning programming begins with Fox & Friends 1st, hosted by one or more of the Fox & Friends hosts with rotating co-hosts Kiran Chetry, Lauren Green, Juliet Huddy, Andrew P. Napolitano and others.
- 7 a.m.: Fox & Friends, hosted by Steve Doocy, E.D. Hill and Brian Kilmeade, is similar to other cable news network programming in the mornings, such as CNN's American Morning with Miles O'Brien and Soledad O'Brien and MSNBC's Imus in the Morning.
- 9 a.m.: Late morning and early afternoon programming starts with Fox News Live, a show featuring news, guest analysis, and interviews. Like other American cable news stations, there is news mixed with feature-like stories, as well as commentary and short debates between people on opposite sides of issues, usually between associates of candidates and officials, think tank members and journalists. Usually hosted by Jon Scott, Brigitte Quinn and Bill Hemmer.
- 1 p.m.: Juliet Huddy and Mike Jerrick's talk show with a live audience, Dayside.
- 2 p.m.: Another hour of Fox News Live hosted by Martha MacCallum.
- 3 p.m.: Shepard Smith's news program, Studio B.
- 4 p.m.: Fox's flagship business program, Your World, hosted by Neil Cavuto.
- 5 p.m.: John Gibson hosts The Big Story, a news/commentary program.
- 6 p.m.: Primetime starts with the political news and discussion show Special Report with Brit Hume, hosted by political reporter Brit Hume from Washington, DC.
- 7 p.m.: Shepard Smith broadcasts The Fox Report With Shepard Smith, offering various reports on the day's events.
- 8 p.m.: The network's top-rated show, The O'Reilly Factor. The taped broadcast features commentary from Bill O'Reilly, formerly of Inside Edition fame.
- 9 p.m.: Conservative Sean Hannity and liberal Alan Colmes debate political issues of the day with guests and analysts during Hannity & Colmes.
- 10 p.m.: Greta Van Susteren broadcasts On the Record with Greta Van Susteren. This program has an emphasis on stories pertaining to legal matters or human interest.
- 11 p.m.: Reruns of previous programs are shown until 6 a.m. the next day. Fox News also produced several newsmagazine shows for its Fox affiliates including Fox Files and The Pulse, although both were cancelled after short runs due to poor ratings. Fox News Sunday currently airs on many Fox affiliates and is similar in format to other Sunday morning political discussion programs.

Personalities

Former personalities

- Catherine Crier
- Paula Zahn(Now at CNN)
- Jon Du Pre
- Rita Cosby(Now at MSNBC)
- Matt Drudge
- David Shuster(Now at MSNBC)
- Pat Sajak (Game Show Host, briefly held news program)
- Heather Nauert (Now at ABC News)

Ratings

Fox News currently leads the cable news market, earning higher ratings than its chief competitors CNN and MSNBC combined by average viewership. Measured by unique viewers, however, Fox is bested by CNN which, during the election season, earned 11% greater numbers of individual P2+ viewers. This is primarily due to Fox's somewhat longer duration "talk" programs which cause viewers to tune in for longer periods as compared to CNN's generally shorter news segments. The BBC reported that Fox News saw its profits double during the Iraq conflict, due in part to what the report called patriotic coverage of the war. By some reports, at the height of the conflict, they enjoyed as much as a 300% increase in viewership, averaging 3.3 million viewers daily . In 2004, the perceived gain in ratings began to become more apparent. Coverage of the Democratic National Convention in Boston ranked higher in the ratings than its two closest cable competitors combined. In September, Fox News Channel's ratings for its broadcast of the Republican National Convention beat those of all three broadcast networks. During President Bush's address, Fox News notched 7.3 million viewers nationally, while NBC, CBS, and ABC scored ratings of 5.9, 5.0, and 5.1, respectively. In April 2005, however, CNN sent out a press release stating that Fox's viewership of adults betwen the ages of 25 and 54 had dropped over a period of six months since the peak of the November 2004 elections (to a total drop of over 58% [http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/ratings/fncs_2554_prime_downward_spiral_20939.asp], [http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2005/narrative_cabletv_contentanalysis.asp?cat=2&media=5]), though Fox still held eight of the ten most-watched nightly cable news shows, with The O'Reilly Factor and Hannity & Colmes coming in first and second places, respectively. And since then Fox's ratings have surged. [http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/original/ranker_april05.pdf] News Corporation, the parent company of Fox News, has campaigned against plans by Nielsen to change the method used to compile ratings from the traditional 'diary' method to the electronic 'people meter'. A longstanding criticism of the diary method of compiling ratings is that consumers may misrepresent their viewing behavior in order to 'vote' for prefered programming such as PBS or Fox News. A grassroots campaign financed and organized by Fox, Don't Count Us Out has alleged that the new method of compiling ratings is biased against minority viewers pointing to dramatic falls in the viewing figures of network TV programs aimed at minority audiences. Supporters of Nielsen, including Jesse Jackson, have noted that the Nielsen sample actually over-represents minority viewers and that the dramatic falls in viewing of broadcast programming are matched by a rise in the ratings for cable programming, in particular Black Entertainment Television [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_38/b3900100_mz017.htm]

Controversies and allegations of bias

Fox News asserts that it is more objective and factual than other American networks. Its self-promotion includes the phrases "Fair and Balanced" and "We Report, You Decide". However, some critics claim that the network has a conservative bias and tailors its news to support the Republican Party. Although most critics do not claim that all Fox News reporting is slanted, some allege that bias at Fox News is systemic, and implemented to both target and build a conservative audience. Regardless of its reporting practices, it is noted for having a significantly higher proportion of "analysis" programming (such as the O'Reilly Factor) and personal commentary (such as those offered by Neil Cavuto, John Gibson, Bill O'Reilly and others at the end of their programs.) Liberal media commentators and competitors have alleged that Fox News' reporting is frequently characterized by conservative editorials disguised as news, and left-wing critics frequently refer to Fox News as the "Faux News Network," "Fascist News Network," the "Republican News Network," "GOP TV," "Fear and Bias," or "Unfair and Unbalanced." Critics of Fox News point to the following as evidence of bias:

Ownership and management

- Rupert Murdoch's ownership of several conservative outlets, including the New York Post and The Times. During the buildup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, all 175 Murdoch-owned newspapers worldwide editorialized in favor of the war. [http://media.guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,896864,00.html]
- CEO Roger Ailes' past activities, including Republican campaign work, involvement in the Willie Horton ad, his production of the Rush Limbaugh television show, and having served as either advisor or consultant to Republican Presidents Nixon, Reagan and George H.W. Bush.
- That John Prescott Ellis, a full cousin of George W. Bush, was one of four consultants assigned by the Voter News Service to Fox News on night of the 2000 Presidential election; thus he was part of the team that recommended Fox News be the last to retract its call of Florida for Al Gore and the first to call Florida for Bush, which Fox News did at 2:16 a.m [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/11/14/politics/main249357.shtml]. Though all major networks called Florida for Bush by 2:20 a.m., Ellis has since admitted to informing both Jeb and George Bush several times by telephone of how projections were going on election night. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/11/14/politics/main249357.shtml]
- [http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=2558 Capitalizing on viewers' fears by manufacturing "scoops."] In April 2002, Fox News presented a three-part series called "Nuclear Neglect." Fox reporter Douglas Kennedy arranged through local air traffic control and other pertinent government agencies a private airplane flight over the Nuclear power plant at Indian Head, New York. However, when his report characterized the event as proof the facility's security was in shambles - a sensational sell during the post-9/11 months - Phil Boyer, President of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, publicly castigated Roger Ailes for Kennedy's stunt [http://www.aopa.org/whatsnew/newsitems/2002/020424letter1.html].
- [http://www.independent-media.tv/item.cfm?fmedia_id=8147&fcategory_desc=Fox%20News,%2024hr%20Republican%20Network Photocopied memos] from Fox News executive John Moody instructing the network's on-air anchors and reporters on using positive language when discussing anti-abortion viewpoints, the Iraq war, and tax cuts; as well as requesting that the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal be put in context with the other violence in the area.
- In September 2005 Saudi Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal (nephew of the late Saudi King Fahd) purchased 5.46 percent of the Fox corporation [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=90439], raising concern that the Fox News may soften its anti-terror stance due to the views of the new shareholder.

Reports, polls and studies

- A report released in August 2001 by Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, titled "Fox: The Most Biased Name in News", ([http://www.fair.org/reports/Fox.html]) which:
- States that, despite his claims to the contrary, The O'Reilly Factor host Bill O'Reilly is conservative; and
- Compared guests on Fox's Special Report with Brit Hume with those on CNN's Wolf Blitzer Reports: :
- A study by the Program on International Policy Attitudes, in the Winter 2003-2004 issue of Political Science Quarterly, reported that viewers of the Fox Network local affiliates or Fox News were more likely than viewers of other news networks to hold three views which the authors labeled as misperceptions:[http://www.psqonline.org/cgi-bin/99_article.cgi?byear=2003&bmonth=winter&a=02free&format=view] (PDF),
- 67% of Fox viewers believed that the "US has found clear evidence in Iraq that Saddam Hussein was working closely with the al Qaeda terrorist organization" (Compared with 56% for CBS, 49% for NBC, 48% for CNN, 45% for ABC, 16% for both NPR and PBS). However, the belief that "Iraq was directly involved in September 11" was held by 33% of CBS viewers and only 24% of Fox viewers.
- 33% of Fox viewers believed that the "US has found Iraqi weapons of mass destruction" "since the war ended". (Compared with 23% for CBS, 20% for both CNN and NBC, 19% for ABC and 11% for both NPR and PBS)
- 35% of Fox viewers believed that "the majority of people [in the world] favor the US having gone to war" with Iraq. (Compared with 28% for CBS, 27% for ABC, 24% for CNN, 20% for NBC, 5% for both NPR and PBS) :Fox viewers were unique in that those who paid greater attention to news were moderately more likely to have these misperceptions than those who paid less or no attention to news.
- A study by the Project for Excellence in Journalism in 2005 found that, in covering the Iraq War in 2004, 73% of Fox News stories included editorial opinions, compared with 29% on MSNBC and 2% on CNN. The same report found Fox less likely than CNN to present multiple points of view. On the other hand, it found Fox more transparent about its sources[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A33008-2005Mar14?language=printer]. [http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2005/narrative_cabletv_contentanalysis.asp?cat=2&media=5 Full report]
- A December 2004 study, entitled "A Measure of Media Bias", by Tim Groseclose of UCLA and Jeff Milyo of the University of Missouri.[http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/groseclose/Media.Bias.8.htm] In this study, the researchers investigated congressional citations of think tanks and other policy groups. Based on the scores of members of congress assigned by Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), the researchers estimated the ADA scores of the think tanks and other policy groups that these members of congress cited. Based on journalists' citations of these think tanks and other policy groups, the researchers then estimated the ADA scores of 20 major American news outlets. :The researchers omitted editorials, book reviews, and letters to the editor, and focused on the news stories of the outlets. The researchers ignored instances of legislators or journalists citing actions taken by policy groups (focusing instead on citations regarding the perceived views of the policy group), citations that were performed for the sole purpose of rebutting the policy groups' views, or when an ideological label was assigned to the policy group. The purpose of this was to focus on instances where "the legislator or journalist cited the think tank as if it were a disinterested expert on the topic at hand." :Based on this methodology, the researchers estimated Fox News' Special Report with Brit Hume to have an ADA score of 39.7. This places Special Report to the right of the average American voter, who the researchers estimated to have an ADA score of 50.1. (Higher ADA scores indicate a liberal slant, lower scores a conservative slant.) :Out of the twenty news outlets investigated, Special Report was the fifth closest to the center, following PBS's Newshour with Jim Lehrer, CNN's NewsNight with Aaron Brown, and ABC's Good Morning America. (The Drudge Report came in fourth, but the researchers believed this to be an anomaly.) This study lends support to allegations that American media as a whole has a liberal bias, since, aside from Special Report, only one other news outlet had an estimated ADA score less than 50.1 (the Washington Times, with a score of 35.4). The study also lends support to allegations that American media has bias towards the center, since only one outlet, the Wall Street Journal, with a score of 85.1, had a score that was less than the average Republican member of Congress or greater than the average Democratic member of Congress.

Criticisms of on-air conservative personalities

A number of Fox News Channel' anchors, hosts and personalities are self-professed right-wing conservatives, and several others are considered such by the channel's critics.
- Managing editor and host Brit Hume is a contributor to the conservative American Spectator and Weekly Standard.
- Daytime anchor David Asman previously worked at The Wall Street Journal editorial page and the Manhattan Institute, a conservative thinktank.
- Weekend Live host Tony Snow is a conservative columnist, radio host, and former chief speechwriter for the first Bush administration. He also hosts his own show, The Tony Snow Show, on conservative talk radio, second only to Rush Limbaugh in terms of listeners, and went on tour for George W. Bush before the 2004 election.
- One of the most well-known personalities is the popular Bill O'Reilly, who often faces criticism from the left over a perceived pro- (Iraq) war, right-wing slant in his opinion program. O'Reilly himself maintains that he is politically independent (chiefly due to libertarian positions on social issues like homosexuality and marijuana legislation). Some people accuse O'Reilly for frequently using incendiary, emotive, or nationalist "rhetoric" toward those who hold disagreeing positions, such as accusing Senator Dick Durbin of "slamming America" and "condemning his own country" over Durbin's criticism of the conditions at the United States' Guantanamo Bay facility in Cuba when Durban said, "you would most certainly believe (torturing of prisoners) must have been done by Nazis, Soviets in their gulags or some mad regime - Pol Pot or others - that had no concern for human beings." O'Reilly counters that his show is not so much "news", but a news analysis program. [http://www.Foxnews.com/story/0,2933,159877,00.html]
- John Gibson's afternoon block of news coverage, "The Big Story", is frequently cited as an example of Fox News blurring the lines between objective reporting and opinion/editorial programming. Gibson gained notoriety immediately after the 2000 presidential election controversy when, during the opinion segment of his show, Gibsonn advocated the burning of all ballots involved in the election dispute once George W. Bush was sworn into office: "Is this a case where knowing the facts actually would be worse than not knowing? I mean, should we burn those ballots, preserve them in amber, or shred them? George Bush is going to be president. And who needs to know that he's not a legitimate president?" [http://www.yaaams.org/medianews.shtml]
- Business anchor Neil Cavuto, who is also Fox News' vice president of business news and a current member of the network's executive committee, has been described as a "Bush apologist" by critics [http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0613-23.htm] after conducting an allegedly deferential interview with President George W. Bush [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,158960,00.html] wherein Cavuto told Bush that domestic lack of support for the partial privatization of Social Security was due to Americans being "distracted" by Michael Jackson's child molestation trial. Cavuto has been a syndicated columnist on Townhall.com [http://www.townhall.com/columnists/neilcavuto/archive.shtml] and NewsMax.com [http://www.newsmax.com/pundits/Cavuto.shtml], both conservative outlets of news and opinion.

Criticisms of on-air liberal personalities

Alan Colmes is touted by Fox as "a hard-hitting liberal" ([http://www.Foxnews.com/story/0,2933,1536,00.html]), but is dismissed by many on the left as being a political moderate too weak to provide an effective balance for self-professed "arch-conservative" Sean Hannity. As executive producer of Hannity & Colmes, Sean Hannity is also Colmes' de facto boss ([http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1158]). Liberal viewers have long found Colmes' quiet, deferential style infuriating, particularly in contrast to the outspoken Hannity; and Colmes himself has sometimes taken more right-leaning positions, such as supporting Rudy Giuliani for mayor of New York City and defending Mississippi Senator Trent Lott after the latter made racially suspect remarks at the 100th birthday party for the late Sen. Strom Thurmond. It hasn't helped Colmes with his liberal critics either that he has also defended Fox's "fair and balanced" slogan as accurate, or that he has been praised by prominent conservatives such as Newt Gingrich and was once chosen as the favorite liberal by posters on a Free Republic forum. Liberal commentator Al Franken lambasted Colmes in his book Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them, accusing him of refusing to ask tough questions during debates and neglecting to challenge alleged erroneous claims made by Hannity or his guests (Franken even jokingly suggested that Colmes is a whipping boy who's forced to do odd jobs around the Fox News studios). The term Fox News liberal is used among Democrats and liberals in the U.S. to refer to those commentators and politicians who hold themselves out as liberals and/or Democrats, yet do one or more of the following:
- often agree with their conservative and/or Republican opposite numbers on TV talk shows or in legislative bodies on various issues and positions.
- show no hesitation to distance themselves from and criticize their fellow Democrats and liberals, especially to predominantly conservative audiences;
- present weak arguments in favor of liberal/Democratic positions, and refuse to debate or easily succumb to conservative/Republican arguments.
- base arguments on dubious claims made by conservatives and Republicans, thereby suggesting that those are valid liberal/Democratic positions.

Other criticisms

- Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism, a documentary film on Fox News by Robert Greenwald, makes allegations of bias in Fox News by interviewing a number of former employees who discuss the company's practices. For example, Frank O'Donnell, a former employee identified as "Fox News producer", says: "We were stunned, because up until that point, we were allowed to do legitimate news. Suddenly, we were ordered from the top to carry [...] Republican, right-wing propaganda", after being told what to say about Ronald Reagan. O'Donnell actually worked for Washington, D.C. Fox affiliate WTTG, which while a local affiliate, is not the Fox News Channel cable network. Fox News has always stressed that affiliates are separate entities from Fox News Channel, and Fox News has no editorial oversight of any Fox affiliate. The network made an [http://www.Foxnews.com/story/0,2933,125436,00.html official response] and a [http://www.Foxnews.com/story/0,2933,125437,00.html review of selected employees] featured in the film and their employment (or non-employment) with Fox News.
- A news article in October 2004 by Carl Cameron, chief political correspondent of Fox News, containing three fabricated quotes attributed to Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry. The quotes included: "Women should like me! I do manicures", "Didn't my nails and cuticles look great?" and "I'm metrosexual [Bush's] a cowboy". Fox News [http://www.Foxnews.com/story/0,2933,134166,00.html retracted the story and apologized], citing a "jest" that became published through "fatigue and bad judgement, not malice."
- An opinion piece on the Hutton Inquiry decision, in which John Gibson said the BBC had "a frothing-at-the-mouth anti-Americanism that was obsessive, irrational and dishonest" and that the BBC reporter, Andrew Gilligan, "insisted on air that the Iraqi Army was heroically repulsing an incompetent American Military" [http://www.Foxnews.com/story/0,2933,109821,00.html]. In reviewing viewer complaints, Ofcom (the United Kingdom's statutory broadcasting regulator) ruled that Fox News had breached the program code in three areas: "respect for truth", "opportunity to take part", and "personal view programmes opinions expressed must not rest upon false evidence". Fox News admitted that Gilligan had not actually said the words that John Gibson appeared to attribute to him; OfCom rejected the claim that it was intended to be a paraphrase. (see [http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/obb/prog_cb/pcb_11/upheld_cases Ofcom complaint, response and ruling]). In June 2004, CEO Roger Ailes responded to some criticism with rebuttal in an online column for the Wall Street Journal ([http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110005157]), claiming that Fox's critics intentionally confuse opinion shows such as The O'Reilly Factor with regular news coverage. Ailes claimed that Fox News has broken stories which turned out harmful to Republicans and the Republican Party, stating "Fox News is the network that broke George W. Bush's DUI four days before the election" as an example. The story on Bush's drunk driving record was broken by then-Fox affiliate WPXT in Portland, Maine. In a Wall Street Journal Europe op-ed published on May 20, 2005, London bureau chief Scott Norvell wrote: "Even we at Fox News manage to get some lefties on the air occasionally, and often let them finish their sentences before we club them to death and feed the scraps to Karl Rove and Bill O'Reilly". [http://slate.msn.com/id/2119864/#ContinueArticle], [http://www.newshounds.us/2005/05/31/Fox_news_confesses_that_its_in_bed_with_karl_rove.php] However, the quote is used in the context of Norvell's criticism of a rival, state-funded broadcaster. More recently, in 2005, as 4,000 people in Detroit paid their final respects to civil rights hero Rosa Parks during the four hours of her funeral ceremony on November 2, Fox News devoted just 23 minutes of air time to live coverage, compared with 108 minutes of coverage on CNN and 100 on MSNBC. [http://mediamatters.org/items/200511040001] In place of Rosa Parks's funeral Fox News featured (among other things) an extensive discussion, complete with visuals, of the top-five ranked celebrities from In Touch Weekly magazine's "Best Cleavage in Hollywood" poll. [http://mediamatters.org/items/200511040007]

Trademark disputes

In 2003, Penguin Books published Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right, by the comedian and writer Al Franken. The book criticized many right-wing individuals and institutions on grounds of inaccuracy; it included Fox News among the media outlets described as biased. Before the book was released, Fox brought a lawsuit, alleging that the book's subtitle violated Fox's trademark in the promotional phrase "Fair and Balanced". On that basis, Fox moved for a preliminary injunction to block the publication of the book. The United States District Court Judge hearing the case denied the motion, characterizing Fox's claim as "wholly without merit, both factually and legally". Fox then withdrew the suit. Franken then suggested that the judge's phrase "Wholly Without Merit" would make a more appropriate slogan for Fox. In December 2003, the Independent Media Institute, which publishes the Alternet online magazine, brought a petition before the United States Patent and Trademark Office seeking the cancellation of Fox's trademark in the phrase "Fair & Balanced". [http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?qt=adv&pno=92042790&qs=&propno=&propnameop=&propname=&pop=&pn=&pop2=&pn2=&cop=&cn=] The petition argued that the phrase was so widely used by others as to have no particular association with Fox, and that Fox's use of the phrase was "notoriously misdescriptive of [Fox]'s presentation of news content". The IMI withdrew its petition in June 2005 and the USPTO dismissed the case shortly thereafter. [http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92042790&pty=CAN&eno=1] As Fox News spread to the nation's major cable markets, a handful of observers jumped on the opportunity to mock the network's putative bias. In 1999, [http://www.fauxnews.com/ "Faux News"], the first of a series of internet sites devoted to satirizing Fox News, appeared on line. In late 2001, a personal website calling itself [http://www.fauxnewschannel.com "The Most Powerful Smell in News"] created the now-ubiquitous "Faux News" logo. [http://fauxnewschannel.com/logo.html] The following January the idea grew legs of its own, and the second Faux Fox website was born. By mid-2002 half a dozen websites were using the phony logo, poking fun at Fox's stories and style, and pointing out what they perceived as examples of yellow journalism. Before the year was over, a website called [http://www.agitproperties.com Agitproperties] gained national attention with its T-shirts and other merchandise bearing the "Faux News" logo ("The Most Powerful Smell in News" also began selling merchandise with the controversial logo, but never got the attention Agitproperties did). Fox charged Agitproperties and "The Most Powerful Smell in News" with infringement of Fox's rights, telling both to cease selling all such merchandise, threatening litigation if the sites did not comply. [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/06/25/faux_news_parody_site_draws/] After some valuable publicity (commonly a benefit for those Fox publicly threatens), Agitproperties backed off, and stopped selling merchandise bearing the "Faux News" logo. "The Most Powerful Smell in News," however, continues to sell products displaying its "Faux News" logo, including a popular image of a dog defecating on it [http://www.cafepress.com/fauxnews/160012]. In 2005, MSNBC began using the new slogan "Fair and Accurate".

International transmission

The channel is now available internationally, though its world programming is the same as its American programming, unlike CNN International, which airs regional programming that is largely independent of its U.S. broadcasts.

Australia

Fox News Channel is broadcast on the three major Pay-TV providers, Austar, Optus Television and Foxtel. Foxtel is 25% owned by News Corporation. The Australian syndication previously featured some local programming, including a John Laws current affairs programme in place of "Fox & Friends". Currently, it is a direct feed of the US broadcast.

Brazil

Since 2002 Fox News has been broadcast to Brazil, but the commercials are replaced with weather forecasts (except for their own ads). It is broadcasted by Sky Brazil (satellite) and NET (cable), both owned by News Corporation.

Canada

On December 14, 2000, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved Fox News Canada on behalf of the Global Television Network, for broadcast. Fox News Canada was to be a domestic Canadian version of Fox News. [http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2000/DB2000-565.htm] The channel, or specialty television service, was never implemented by Fox, and the deadline for commencement of the service expired on November 24, 2004. That same day, a similar licence was granted to Rogers Communications for "MSNBC Canada", which went to air in September, 2001. During this period, it was stated by supporters of Fox News that the station was being "banned in Canada," ignoring its CRTC licence. The CRTC's previous refusal to grant Fox News an outright license had been contested by some Canadians, as well as American fans of the channel, who believed the decision to be politically motivated. On June 18, 2003, the Canadian Cable Telecommunications Association (CCTA), an organization representing approximately 90 cable companies in Canada, applied to add Fox News, ESPN, HBO, and other non-domestic programming to the CRTC's Lists of Eligible Satellite Services on a digital basis. In their application the CCTA duly noted that, absent a change in CRTC policy, some of the channels were likely to be ineligible for addition to the lists as some were partially or totally competitive with licensed Canadian programming. Some Canadian channels additionally might hold exclusive rights. In a lengthy response, the CRTC stated that "the Commission considers that CCTA has not raised sufficient question as to the validity of the existing policy, or sufficient argument or evidence as to the benefits of its proposed approach, to warrant a policy review at this time" and noted that "CCTA has not provided the information generally required for the Commission to consider requests to add services to the Lists. Accordingly, the Commission is not in a position to examine whether it would be appropriate to authorize for distribution any of the specific services noted in CCTA’s request" ([http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Letters/2003/lb031107.htm]). The CCTA applied on April 15, 2004 solely to add Fox News, along with the NFL Network. [http://www.ccta.com/english/View.asp?t=&x=150&id=331] CCTA's acting president Michael Hennessy said that the previous "bulk approach... ...was just too big", adding it raised "significant issues" with respect to broadcast rights and competition with existing domestic services ([http://www.friends.ca/News/Friends_News/archives/articles04160401.asp]) On November 18, 2004 the CRTC announced that a digital license would be granted to Fox News ([http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Notices/2004/pb2004-88.htm]). In its proposal, Fox News stated, with reference to Fox News Canada, that "Fox News does not intend to implement this service and therefore will not meet the extended deadline to commence operations" ([http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Notices/2004/pb2004-45.htm]). On December 16, 2004, Rogers Communications became the first Canadian cable or satellite provider to broadcast Fox News, with other companies following suit within the next several days.

United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland

Fox News is also carried in Britain and Ireland, with global weather forecasts instead of most advertisements, by the British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) satellite television network, in which News Corporation holds a 38 percent stake. It is a "sister channel" to BSkyB's Sky News, however Sky is obliged by law to uphold a neutral editorial stance. Fox News is usually broadcast as an encrypted channel but during major news stories it may be broadcast Free to air on Sky News Active.

New Zealand

Fox News is carried during the PRIME network's nighttime shut-down, and is available on terrestrial broadcast and through SKY Satellite paid television. Because of their position on the date line, New Zealanders only see Fox News' early morning programming, especially "Fox and Friends." Like other foreign markets, a global weather map replaces American advertising, though ad breaks are interlaced with PRIME advertisements. The weather map temperatures are presented in degrees celsius.

Other countries

Fox News Channel is also carried in more than 40 countries including Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, Grenada, Germany, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Iceland, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, New Guinea, Panama, Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, The United Kingdom and Venezuela, mostly through News Corporation-owned cable and satellite systems. (Service having ceased in the summer of 2003, Fox News Channel is not currently available in Japan)

References

# # #Scott Collins Crazy Like a Fox: The Inside Story of How Fox News Beat CNN, ISBN 1591840295.

External links

- [http://www.foxnews.com Fox News] - The channel's official website.
- [http://www.newscorp.com/ News Corporation] - Fox's parent company.
- [http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/ailesroger/ailesroger.htm Museum of Broadcast Communications: Ailes, Roger]
- [http://www.outfoxed.org/ Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism] - The critical documentary's website.
- [http://cgi.omroep.nl/cgi-bin/streams?/tv/vpro/tegenlicht/bb.20041024.rm?title=Bekijk%20hier%20de%20uitzending%20OUTFOXED Outfoxed] streaming Dutch VPRO [http://www.vpro.nl/programma/tegenlicht/afleveringen/19365659/ documentary] by [http://www.vpro.nl/programma/tegenlicht/service_info/19361409/ Tegenlicht]. Introduction, several seconds, in Dutch with story itself in English and Dutch subtitles; 50 min. Broadband internet needed.
- [http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1319955,00.html Guardian Unlimited special report: Fox - the naked truth], October 5, 2004, Zoe Williams, The Guardian
- [http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/sticksandstones.html The Fifth Estate: Sticks and Stones], CBC - Bob McKeown investigates Fox News for The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 45 min.
- [http://www.fauxnewschannel.com/ "The Most Powerful Smell in News"] - Origin of the "Faux News" logo. ja:FOXニュース

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